Racial Segregation Within The United States - 780 Words

The contemporary debate regarding the distinctive patterns of poverty among African Americans revolves around the question, â€Å"is it class or race that causes (and perpetuates) such misfortune of African Americans?† Scholars have looked at patterns of residential segregation in their attempts to answer such a question. Massey and Denton explore racial residential segregation in the United States throughout the 20th century. They argue that the making and concentration of the (African American) underclass in inner cities resulted from institutional and interpersonal racism in the housing market that perpetuates already existing racial segregation. Similarly, Reardon and colleagues conclude that residential segregation by income level occurs all across racial groups, but it is especially problematic poorer Blacks and Hispanics from their investigation of neighborhood income composition by household race and income at the turn of the 21st century. Thus, residential segregation by both class and race perpetuate structural disadvantages and misfortunes of African Americans in today’s American society. Massey and Denton explore how racial segregation in residence has caused the making of inner city ghettos and their perpetually poor residents, most of whom are African Americans. They argue that institutional racism in the housing market enacted by the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), private loan and real estate institutions and actors, and white residentsShow MoreRelatedThe Civil Rights Act Of 19641689 Words   |  7 PagesThe Civil Rights Act of 1964 ended state and local laws that involved segregation, prohibiting legal discrimination based on ethnicity, color, race, sex, and religion. Now, after much time has passed, people can pose the question: how prominent is segregation in today’s society? In particular, Chicago, the third largest city in the United States, poses interesting dynamics concerning this question. For one, the city consistently has high crime and murder rates in specific areas, while other partsRead More21st Century Segregation: Are We Still Divided by Race?1642 Words   |  7 Pages21st Century Segregation: Are We Still Divided by Race? Racial segregation was a concept that began in early history and is still prevalent in some societies today. It is often seen as a destructive forceful tactic of separating individuals based on their racial background. However, many new immigrants voluntarily choose to live in a segregated society. Segregation can be easily seen in certain communities where there is a concentration containing a particular racial group. The area where oneRead MorePlessy V. Ferguson And Brown V Board Of Education1359 Words   |  6 Pagesanswer to these questions. Racism is still alive in the United States, but it is not as severe and oppressive as it was during the era of the Jim Crow laws. The 13th amendment freed the slaves in the United States, however, not many white Americans agreed with this. The 13th amendment did not shield the African Americans from oppression, â€Å"The segregation and disenfranchisement laws known as ‘Jim Crow’ represented a formal, codified system of racial apartheid that dominated the American South for threeRead MoreRacial Segregation And Racial Discrimination1645 Words   |  7 Pagespolitical system throughout United States government. The terminology race has been changed repeatedly throughout history. African American history of racial segregation created a clear view of how most racial minorities have been treated throughout history and views and differences amount racial majority. This paper primarily focus will be the treatment or experience racial minority faced throughout this historical revolution. African American are not the only racial minority who has been treatedRead MoreSegregation Within The Housing Market843 Words   |  4 Pagesviewpoints?† Some argue that segregation within the housing market has been a devastating, long-term, issue for African Americans as a result of racial zoning due to income along with race, while others believe that the United States has indeed enforced policies to prevent blacks from obtaining and maintaining wealth to merge with white communities. My own view is that there is not an individual economic or political reason to link the issue of residential segregation, but a combination of both workingRead MoreProfessional Sports And The Civil Era945 Words   |  4 PagesProfessional sports were segregated in the United States, just like the rest of the country was during the 1940s, but between th e cooperation of two men the color barrier was broken in professional sports. The unwritten rule of not allowing blacks to play professional baseball had been standing since the 1880s. No professional sport in America at the time had any participating African Americans, yet many African Americans were participating in the Olympics. Famous African American olympians, suchRead MoreWage Gaps and Demographic Behavior1555 Words   |  7 Pages*Works Cited Not Included We examine the possible sources of the larger racial and ethnic wage gaps for men than for women in the U.S. Specifically, using a newly created employer-employee matched data set containing workers in essentially all occupations, industries, and regions, we examine whether these wage differences can be accounted for by differences between men and women in the patterns of racial and ethnic segregation within occupation, industry, establishments and occupation-establishment cellsRead More Plessy vs. Ferguson Essay examples1263 Words   |  6 PagesFerguson , a very important case of 1896 in which the Supreme Court of the United States upheld the legality of racial segregation. At the time of the ruling, segregation between blacks and whites already existed in most schools, restaurants, and other public facilities in the American South. In the Plessy decision, the Supreme Court ruled that such segregation did not violate the 14th Amendment of the Constitution of the United States. Th is amendment provides equal protection of the law to all U.S. citizensRead MoreThe Unequal Separation Of African Americans1453 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican Americans as a whole agree that racial segregation has affected their chances of employment, residency, education and access to proper health facilities. Many have stories and experiences of being qualified for a job but being turned down for being African American. Several experiments have been conducted where an African American would attempt to view homes in diverse neighborhoods and be turned down and white co-workers or friends would call immediately after and be invited to come in.Read MoreThe Segregation Of African American Community1720 Words   |  7 PagesDespite nearly one hundred years passing since the Emancipation Proclamation, African Americans in Southern States were still faced with the most distinct forms of racism. The so-called â€Å"Jim Crow† laws that were present in United States at the time, serve d to segregate blacks and whites from all aspects of public life, including schools, public transport and juries. Often faced with extreme right-wing terrorist groups such as the white supremacist Klu Klux Klan, many among the African American community

Exploring the Disorder, Tourette Syndrome Essay - 674 Words

Tourette syndrome is a neurological disorder first described by a French physician named Georges Gilles de la Tourette, in 1885. Tourette syndrome (TS) consists of varies abrupt, rapid, involuntary, and repeated movements or vocal sounds, known as tics. â€Å"Until 1970, TS was frequently misdiagnosed as schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, epilepsy, or nervous habits,† concluding that this mental disorder is extremely rare and has similar characteristics as other mental disorders (Kahn and Fawcett 375). Since there is no specific test that can diagnose TS, doctors have to rely on a person’s behaviors and personal history to identify the disorder. About one person in two thousand people is likely to have TS; additionally males are four†¦show more content†¦Many people often misunderstand TS as rudeness, offensive behavior, and even craziness. Thus, children with TS are often ridiculed or teased by their fellow peers. Due to this, many children avoid so cial gathering and suffer from depression or substance abuse. This is one of the many reasons why children with tics should be informed of their disorder and should receive tremendous amounts of support and love from their friends and families. People with TS are also likely to have other mental problems like depression, anxiety, OCD, ADHD, and self-injurious behaviors. As mentioned above, TS can occur in anyone, even famous people. Some of the famous people that had TS were Jim Eisenreich, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Marc Summers. TS does not disable a person from working efficiently or living a perfectly normal life. People with TS can attend and succeed school just as a normal person can. The disorder does not affect their intelligence or their ability to learn, thus enabling them to live a perfectly normal life. They have the same earning potential, intelligence, and working ability similar to any other person. One of the best ways to cope with TS is to remember that the tic s usually lessen in severity as an individual gets older. Tics usually reach its highest potential during early teens to the middle years of adolescence. If a person with TSShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder In Children1400 Words   |  6 PagesAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children Stephanie Santiago Lehigh Carbon Community College â€Æ' Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children Pathophysiology Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) refers to developmentally inappropriate degrees of inattention, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity (Hockenberry, Wilson, Rodgers, 2017). ADHD is commonly found in school-aged children. While some children have a problem within one of the three areas, there are others who haveRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Front Of The Class Essay2130 Words   |  9 Pagesmovie; Front of The Class using two of the theories were taught in class. The movie, Front of The Class, is about the journey of a boy named Brad who for many years was living with un-diagnosed Tourette Syndrome, which Brad referred to as his â€Å"constant companion†. Tourette Syndrome is a nervous system disorder which causes the person to suffer from â€Å"tics† which can be described as sudden movements, sounds or twitches that are involuntary and repetitive (CDC, 2015). The movie exhibits the ways in whichRead MoreChildren With Attention Deficits Hyperactivity D isorder ( Adhd ) And Tourette Syndrome1118 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The short video presented by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) features two families living with children with Attention Deficits Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Tourette syndrome. For the purpose of this paper, Josh and his family’s struggle with ADHD will be reviewed and analyzed using the Calgary Family Assessment Model (CFAM) and Calgary Family Intervention Model (CFIM). CFAM/CFIM enables the health care professionals to focus on psychosocial effects and the linksRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1787 Words   |  8 PagesATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER Also known as: ADHD WHAT IS ADHD? ADHD is a behavioral disorder that affects about 10% of school-aged children. Boys are more likely than girls to be diagnosed with it. Children with ADHD act without thinking, are hyperactive, and have trouble focusing. They may understand what is anticipated of them but have trouble following through because they can’t sit still, pay attention or focus on details. All children, act this way at times, particularly when theyRead MoreDescription Of An Example Of A Presentation8050 Words   |  33 Pagesof an assistive technology device. Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) – a severe difficulty in focusing and maintaining attention; often leads to learning and behavior problems at home, school, and work; also called Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Autism (Autism Society of America Home Page) Autism is a complex developmental disability that typically appears during the first three years of life. The result of neurological disorder that affects the functioning of the brain, autism andRead MoreAttention Hyperactive Impulsive Defecit Disorder2314 Words   |  10 PagesHYPERACTIVE- IMPULSIVE DEFICIT DISORDER INTRODUCTION Attention Hyperactive- impulsive Deficit Disorder, or also known as ADHD, is under the category of IDEA, which is the Other Health Impairments. It is considered as one of the most common childhood mental disorder, affecting more than one in every twenty children (Shaw, 2008). Moreover, this condition can continue through adolescence and adulthood. IDEA defines it as a neurobiological-based developmental disorder in children and adults with a persistentRead MoreOcd - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment131367 Words   |  526 PagesA. Clark. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-10: 1-57230-963-6 ISBN-13: 978-1-57230-963-0 (hardcover: alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-59385-375-0 ISBN-13: 978-1-59385-375-4 (paperback) 1. Cognitive therapy. 2. Obsessive–compulsive disorder. I. Title. RC489.C63C57 2004 616.85†²2270651—dc22 2003020283 To my parents, Albert and Ardith, for their support and encouragement About the Author About the Author David A. Clark, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Psychology

The United States Constitution - 2133 Words

The Constitution The Constitution is the foundation of the United States Government. Each branch of the government relies upon this document to dictate how power is distributed in this democracy and the people rely on the Constitution to protect them from the Federal governments power. Before the Constitution the colonies were divided under the governance of the Articles of Confederation. This first government was adequate through the Revolutionary War but afterwards the people needed union and a strong central government. The need for a government spurred men into action and the Constitutional Convention was called to develop this much needed strong central government. These men were known as the Framers of the constitution. Unfortunately not all was good at the convention. There was much debate about the way the legislative branch between the Virginia plan and the New jersey Plan and the debate was resolved with the Connecticut compromise. There were many more debates over things g reat and small but one of the most important was the debate between the Federalists and anti-Federalists about the ratification of the constitution and including a Bill of Rights which guarantees the peoples rights and protections therein. The combination of these many factors created the Constitution as it is known today, a strong central trunk to the United States tree that will grow new branches over time and let others fall to fit the needs of the people resting under its protectiveShow MoreRelatedThe United States Constitution And The Constitution Essay1491 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States Constitution, this very detailed group of words was written in 1787, but it did not take effect until after it was ratified in 1789, when it replaced the Articles of Confederation. It remains the basic law of the United States then and till the present day of 2016. The first state to ratify the Constitution was Delaware; the last of the original thirteen to ratify was Rhode Island and since only nine were required, this was two years after it went into effect. When the U.S. ConstitutionRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States Constitution Essay1185 Words   |  5 Pages(framers’ of the U.S. Constitution) position on the Presidency: The framers experienced the abuse of the English monarchs and their colonial governors. As a result, the framers were skeptical of the excessive executive authority. Furthermore, they also feared excessive legislative powers. This was something that the Articles of Confederation had given their own state legislatures. The framers of the constitution deliberately fragmented power between the national government, the states, and among the executiveRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States885 Words   |  4 Pages In 1787, our founding fathers came up with a few principles that would establish what we now know as the United States of America. These principles were put on paper to serve as a guideline for how the United States would be operated and structured. This historical piece paper became known as the Constitution of the United States. In the Constitution, a Preamble is implemented at the beginning that essentially tells what the founding fathers set out to do. â€Å"We The People, in order to form a moreRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States894 Words   |  4 Pagesthe substratum for that country. A Constitution can be defined as a document that is the substratum of the country’s principles. Elements in the Constitution may contain sundry information. Which can include: how many terms a leader may serve, what rights the citizens have, how the judicial system works, etc. The United States in no different from those countries. Every constitution is different, no country has the exact constitution as another. The U.S Constitution is a four-page document detailingRead MoreThe United States Constitution Essay1515 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States constitution was written in 1787 by the founding fathers of this country. Now it might be appropriate to question why a document that is the basis of the government for one of the most culturally and racially diverse countries in the world, was written by a group of heterosexual, cisgender, rich, white men. Some might think that a constitution written well over 200 years ago would be outdated and irrelevant to the American society of today but with some research, it is quite theRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States756 Words   |  4 PagesPromulgation and Legislation in the U.S. Constitution: The federal system of government of the United States is based on its constitution. The Constitution grants all authority to the federal government except the power that is delegated to the states. Each state in the United States has its own constitution, local government, statute, and courts. The Constitution of the United States sets the judiciary of the federal government and defines the extent of the federal court’s power. The federalRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States1007 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States of America has previously experienced failure every now and then. With trial and error, the country has learned to correct its ways and move toward(s) perfecting itself. Realizing the ineffectiveness of the Articles of Confederation is a prime example of the U.S. learning how to better itself. Subsequent to the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution of the United States was set as our new and improved framework of government. Possessing knowled ge on how America, although strongRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States951 Words   |  4 Pageshappening again. Unlike the artifacts, The Constitution of the United States has not been forgotten, it is actually still very alive today. Unlike most relics, The Constitution still holds a very heroic and patriotic implication, freedom. With freedom comes self-government, freedom of speech, religious tolerance, etc. With all these things comes the great responsibility to adapt and fit to the wants and needs of the decade. Even though the Constitution was made for the interests of the people ofRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States1388 Words   |  6 PagesInterpretation of the Constitution is one of the biggest conflicts within the United States–the highly contentious issue of states’ rights resulted from two different interpretations of what powers should belong to the federal government versus what powers belong to the individual states. No issue has ever caused as much turmoil as the issue of states’ rights–but one side must have more valid arguments. Should the federal government’s power be superior, or should the authority of the individual states be heldRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States1490 Words   |  6 PagesIn 1787 the four founding fathers of the United States wrote the constitution . The constitution was written to let the people of the U.S know how the states would be governed and also to stop the government from having too mu ch power. The constitution is divided into three branches : the Legislative branch, Executive branch and the Judicial branch. All the branches are based on the idea of separation of power in which each branch has a specific power and responsibility and don’t rely on

Advantages of Credit Cards Free Essays

Throughout history, men invented ingenious ways to solve problems. Some simple, but most will leave a big impact on our future. Men invented trading as means to acquire things that is needed, with another individual who wants what the trader has. We will write a custom essay sample on Advantages of Credit Cards or any similar topic only for you Order Now But sometimes, what we want to trade with is not what the tradee wants. So currency is formed. Currency is accumulatable, powerful and can be used to acquire our wants and needs. Currency had been created in many shapes and sizes. When it was first invented, precious metals such as silver and gold chips are the most widely used. But in our modern era, paper currency reigns dominance. As time goes on, men started craving, craving for thing or material objects that only money can buy. And one might not have the funds to buy such things or if that certain desire costs a lot, bringing a whole load of cash with you to the store might not be such a good idea for many reasons. And so the credit card is invented. This small little piece of plastic will leave a big impact on society. There are repercussions of misusing this object but let’s talk about the advantages for now. So what exactly are the advantages of credit cards? BUY TICKETS OR SHOP ONLINE EASILY In modern society, people have found ingenious ways to make acquiring everyday needs or material objects of desired. Grocery shops were invented so that we don’t need to wake up early and go all the way to farms to get fresh food like vegetables, eggs and meat. But what if we want require specific items, something that is not common but it needed as quick as possible. We might go around asking our friends and relatives to acquire those items. How troublesome would that have been, or had been as people actually did this back then. But then, utilizing the power of the internet, people had discovered that they can acquire things that are unusually rare, but is available. Sometimes from a seller from another country. To buy, means to pay. But how do we pay someone from another country? Mailing a wad of cash in an envelope to the seller might not be such a good idea, as mail do get lost from time to time. And so the credit card plays the role in rectifying this problem. Using the credit card we can pay the seller using borrowed funds from the bank and send it to the seller in the form of digital data in which will then be added to the account of the seller and thus the seller is paid. We can acquire things easily from the internet, and now with the usage of credit card,everything we need can be acquired. If it exists, if it is being sold, it can be acquired. It doesn’t matter if it’s in China, New York or timbuctoo. And lets say if something is on sale or your favorite band is having a concert in your hometown but you don’t have enough cash to buy it and if you wait until your pay check to arrive, your opportunity is long gone. Don’t worry your credit card is here to help. Instant currency with just a swipe of the card or a few presses of some numbers and information on the internet. No longer will you have to wait in line at the airport to buy tickets, you get get them through the internet using your credit card in just a few minutes. Nowadays people would rather stay home and shop through the internet than having to endure a long drive to the local mall especially if during the peak hours where there are traffic jams. Sites such as Lazada. com are common shopping websites that welcomes the usage of credit cards. It’s like a virtual mall in which the items bought need not be carried in accumulative quantities to the car park, but is put in a virtual shopping cart and then sent directly onto your doorsteps after the credit card payment has been made. How to cite Advantages of Credit Cards, Papers

Real Meaning of LIfe Essay Example For Students

Real Meaning of LIfe Essay The primary focus of this essay is on adaptationism and the theory of evolution, which, of course, challenges fundamental religious beliefs. In fact, perhaps as a substitute for religion, some have adopted a distortion of Darwinism to explain the purpose of life: one depiction of human existence is that were actually survival machines programmed to perpetuate our genes, according to selfish gene pursuits. From this POV, the purpose of life is survival for the sake of continued reproduction- each life then is a carrier, a brief repository of gene pool elements. Because of this belief, some Darwinists seek to find adaptationist explanations for all aspects of the human physique and behavior. They do so because they believe that all traits must make rational, selfish gene sense somehow because thats their whole point; because natural selection wouldnt allow it otherwise. Some people even have a bizarre faith in evolution as if life can always be counted on to devise a way somehow (even miraculously) to survive, i.e., life will find a way. The SF writer, Robert A. Heinlein, a Social Darwinist, once wrote, there will always be survivors; he meant only survival of the fittest, of course, with the implication that the non-fit dont deserve to live. Nazism (blatant power fantasy) was an outgrowth of Social Darwinism with the implication that natural order dictates that human society should be patterned on this; that the unfit, weak and inferior should be actively weeded out by society. However, its a fallacy to infer morality from natural law. After all, the law of gravity doesnt mean human society should strive to promote falling down. This essay has been another attempt to dispel these simplistic notions. Natural selection alone doesnt explain all aspects of ourselves: mere statistics (of distribution and variation) alone prevents that as previously explained. Adaptationism is a major factor, of course, but not all traits are the result of direct adaptations- and this is increasingly true with greater complexity. Where does one draw the line between direct adaptation, random drift and peripheral serendipity (unintended consequences)? Again, it cant be emphasized enough that technically, genes have no purpose- nor are they trying to survive or enhance their reproductive success or do anything for that matter. Its just that the gene pool will obviously TEND to consist of genes that have happened to have done so- by default; i.e., the other genes that happened not to have done so will obviously not be around in as great numbers, if at all. Life will continue to perpetuate in the ways that its possible to do so within the laws of nature. The so-called ingenious ways that species devised to survive were often the only feasible options left (no miracle was involved)- by default- given the current environment and the previous genetic lineage and the preexistence of requisite traits. But remember, most species- perhaps, all species- go extinct eventually. Evolution is a constant work in progress; just because a particular species has existed for millions of years doesnt mean that a kind of perfection or optimization has been achieved. Sometimes, a species can exist for millennia IN SPITE of bad adaptations. And past reproductive success doesnt predict future success- just look at the dinosaurs. So theres no preordained destiny to evolution. Evolutionary biology provides a context for understanding HOW current behavior modes mayve developed and why they persist. However, it doesnt directly explain WHY we are as we are. Saying that men seek power and status for sex and are violent to fight over women; and that women seek high status males; or that genes seek to maximize reproductive fitness is a useful model (stereotype)- a teleological explanation- but its certainly not the meaning of life. .udc96fe0272d6255631c7355fd758f3a7 , .udc96fe0272d6255631c7355fd758f3a7 .postImageUrl , .udc96fe0272d6255631c7355fd758f3a7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udc96fe0272d6255631c7355fd758f3a7 , .udc96fe0272d6255631c7355fd758f3a7:hover , .udc96fe0272d6255631c7355fd758f3a7:visited , .udc96fe0272d6255631c7355fd758f3a7:active { border:0!important; } .udc96fe0272d6255631c7355fd758f3a7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udc96fe0272d6255631c7355fd758f3a7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udc96fe0272d6255631c7355fd758f3a7:active , .udc96fe0272d6255631c7355fd758f3a7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udc96fe0272d6255631c7355fd758f3a7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udc96fe0272d6255631c7355fd758f3a7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udc96fe0272d6255631c7355fd758f3a7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udc96fe0272d6255631c7355fd758f3a7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udc96fe0272d6255631c7355fd758f3a7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udc96fe0272d6255631c7355fd758f3a7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udc96fe0272d6255631c7355fd758f3a7 .udc96fe0272d6255631c7355fd758f3a7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udc96fe0272d6255631c7355fd758f3a7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: ENGLISH: TUESDAYS WITH MORRIE EssayThe primary focus of natural selection has always been on the winners (life); but I think evolution can be extended to encompass non-life as well. In semiconductor physics, electrical current can be defined either as negative charge moving, say, in one direction or as positive charge moving in the opposite direction. Likewise, instead of saying that evolution is all about reproductive fitness, one could just as well say its about death and extinction- the other side of the coin. Hell, death is .

The East West link Project

Introduction The intention of the Victorian State Government to undertake the East West Link Project is a good move that will improve the state of infrastructure in the City of Melbourne.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The East West link Project specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The construction of 18 kilometer-road network across Melbourne to link the already existing Western Ring Road to the Eastern Freeway is a very ambitious project. Given that this project is estimated to cost about 8 billion US dollars, it is clear that the project will be very involving and therefore, needs a lot of dedication from the government and all the stakeholders. According to Kloppenborg (2009), it is always important to understand the magnitude of a project before developing its prototype. When developing a prototype, the management should have a deep understanding of the intended goals and objectives that the project seeks to a ccomplish. In this case, the project management must have an understanding of what the Victorian State Government expects from the project. This government intends to spend about 8 billion dollars in this project. It must get what its investment is worth. The project management team has a major task of ensuring that this project yields the needed result. This must start from the planning stage of this project. Heldman (2011) says that a successful project is always seen at the planning stage. Planning of the project involves forecasting what the project team members will be doing, the expected timeline for every activity in the project, the associated costs at every stage, and any other costs and tasks that will be carried out within the project. The planning stage also involves defining the roles of every project member. Project Initiation Tonnquist (2009, p. 118) observes that the first stage in project management process is the initiation stage. At this stage, the financiers and those who own the project identifies the need to undertake the project.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this project, the Victorian State Government has identified the need to develop a road that would join Western Ring Road to Eastern Freeway as a way of decongesting the City of Melbourne. Having identified the need to be met by project, then the project team members can move to the planning stage. Project Planning Project Objectives According to Meredith (2012), it is not possible for a project to be successful when project members and the stakeholders do not understand the exact objectives of the project. Defining specific project objectives is always important before the onset of the project. In most of the cases, the financier is always responsible for the development of these objectives. This is because the financier knows what should be achieved upon completion of the project. In this project, the Victorian State Government knows why this project is important and what it should achieve when it is finally completed. Developing project objectives is not only meant for the financiers or owners of the project. Every stakeholder has a role to play in this in order to ensure that the objectives developed are smart in nature. The objectives should be specific and implementable within a given timeline. The following are some of the specific objectives that this project should achieve when it is finally completed. This road should be able to link Western Ring Road to Eastern Freeway upon its completion. The infrastructure should be long lasting and able to meet the traffic needs within Melbourne City. The infrastructure should be developed based on the set standards of roads in Australia. The development of this infrastructure should cost this government an amount, which is within the initially set budget. The project should be completed on or befor e the set timeline in order to meet the expectations of the taxpayers. The above are some of the objectives that the project members must work with focus of achieving them. Given that this project will commence in late 2014, it is important for all the stakeholders to ensure that they do everything within their powers to make the project start in the right manner, and that all the needed project deliverables are availed. It is through this that this team will be assured that the project will run smoothly until the day of its completion. The Victorian State Government has a duty to play in ensuring that it avails all the resources that is needed for this project. The project managers also have a role of stipulating the path this project will take, and explaining to the financier all that which is needed to make this project a reality. Justification of the project Meredith and Mantel (2012, p. 71) observes that projects are always costly ventures in terms of the resources needed, and the time that is invested in it. The East West Link Project will cost about 8 billion US dollars. The project will also need about six years to be completed. These are massive resources that this project will consume for it to be completed successfully.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The East West link Project specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The taxpayers will have to meet the costs of this project. It is therefore, important to state clearly to them the importance of the project. They should be made to understand why the project is worth the cost. Making all the stakeholders understand the importance of the project helps in justifying the need to implement the project. In the East West Link Project, the intention is to link Western Ring Road and Eastern Freeway, which already exist. The need to link them emanated from the fact that motorists are forced to spend a lot of time on the road using the existing r outes, thereby creating congestions in the city. The project seeks to ease traffic congestion within the City of Melbourne by creating a new route that will enable motorists to take shorter routes. Upon its completion, the project will ensure that traffic snarl-ups that are always experienced within Melbourne City are eliminated. This will improve efficiency of doing business in this city. It will attract more investors who will consider the city attractive due to improved infrastructure. It will also help in eliminating millions of dollars that is lost every year because of the slow movement of traffic, especially during the peak hours. The residents of Melbourne will have a pleasant experience of moving on roads that are free from traffic jam. The link will be cost effective for road users not only because of the eliminated traffic jam, but also because of the reduced distance motorists will have to cover. Therefore, this viable project can help this city in a great way when it is finally completed in 2019. Project scope When undertaking any given project, hopes are always high from various stakeholders as each individual speculates on what the project shall achieve when it is finally completed. According to Bruce and Langdon (2000, p. 56), it is always important to regulate these expectations by defining what the project scope is, in order to make everyone understand the real intention of the project. Harmonizing the expectations of all the stakeholders is important in ensuring that the outcome of the project is convincing to every individual. It helps in eliminating some unrealistic hopes that some stakeholders may have, and making them know what to expect of the project. It is always the intention of project members to satisfy the needs of all the stakeholders when a project is completed.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Defining the scope of the project makes them understand what to expect from the project, hence increasing chances of the project satisfying the stakeholders upon its completion. This will form part of the success of the project when it is finally brought into completion. In this project, the scope is limited to constructing a road linking Western Ring Rad and Eastern Freeway. This road will be a dual carriageway that will be able to support all types of vehicles. The road will have six lanes. This road is expected to eliminate the need for motorists who are on Western Ring Road to travel to the city center before going to the Eastern Freeway. Those on Eastern Freeway will also not need to travel to the city center before getting on the Western Ring Road. The road under this project will link the two routes directly. This will ease congestion in the city, as it will reduce the number of vehicles travelling to the city center. This project will save time for the road users because it would take a shorter time to use this new road than to go through the city center. It will reduce the cost of fuel for road users because of the shorter distance to cover. The project is limited to developing a standard quality road linking the two highways. Project Execution The Project Management Team The first step in project execution is to identify project team members. In every project, it is important to understand the project members who will participate in various activities within the project. As Nagarajan (2005, p. 27) says, sensitive projects such as those involving infrastructure needs people with necessary skills to undertake various duties. In the development of this infrastructure, there will be a need for civil engineers, designers, among others professionals. There will also be a need to have a lawyer who will constantly ensure that the interests of all the stakeholders in the project are protected. There should be a clear hierarchy among all the project members de fining the role of each project member and their ranks. The following diagram shows the hierarchy of the project members. The above diagram shows the capacities held by different individuals within this project. The project manager heads the project. It is important to note that the Financier of the project, who is the Victorian State Government, occupies a special position within the project. The government falls in a special rank within the project, which allows it to supervise the activities within the project, but neither directing nor being directed by any officer within the project. This means that the financier, who owns this project, will have an opportunity to monitor directly the operations of the project without the feeling that it is interfering with the normal operations of the project. Under the project manager are specialists who are responsible for various tasks within the project. The project team managers will be in charge of specific groups tasked with various du ties in the project. The project members, especially the junior officers will be undertaking various operational tasks within the project. Project team manager will head each group within the project. This team manager must be an individual with the technical knowledge in the area he or she will be heading. This means that most of them will be engineers. Each team will be reporting to the project manager who will then brief the top officials of the Victorian State Government. It is important to note that The Victorian State Government will have its own officials in the project who will carry out various investigative activities within the project and report directly to the top officials of the Victorian State Government. The reports given by the government agents in the project will be compared closely with the report given by the project manager to determine if they agree. It is important to note that the government agents will be working independently to investigate progress of th e project. The quality assurance team will be answerable to two offices about the progress of the project and the quality achieved at each stage. The first office it will be answerable to is the project manager’s office. This must be done twice in every week. The quality assurance team is also answerable to the agents of the Victorian State Government whenever they request for any information. The project manager will be responsible for ensuring that the project members work in line with the overall objective of the project, and in unity. This will help in ensuring that all the intended objectives are achieved successfully and within the desired timeline. Project Costs and Timeline It is important to state project costs and the timeline within which it should be brought to completion. Specifying project costs helps in weighing the benefits against its costs. This way, the client in the project can determine whether another cheaper option can be taken. To the team responsible for implementing the project, it is important to define costs in order to ensure that every item within the project is catered for to avoid disruption. According to Kerzner (2013, p. 45), there are cases where a project fails because there was no precise determination of the costs of the project. In such cases, implementers may come to realize that the amount of money they had set for the project is not enough. It would force them to ask for more funding otherwise the project may be grounded. In order to avoid such failures, defining a comprehensive cost of the project is important in ensuring that the project experiences no financial challenges once it gets underway. In this project, it is expected that the total cost of the project will be about 8 billion US dollars. Project timeline helps in defining project success. Haynes (2002, p. 45) notes that stating the timeline helps in the assessment of the project. The project assessment team will always use the set timeline to determin e if the project is running within the schedule. Every stage in the project must have a clear date on which it should be completed. Any causes of delay that are justifiable should be communicated to the relevant authorities as soon as possible so that they can make a decision on how to handle the issue in time. In this project, it is estimated that it would take about six years for this project to be completed. It will start in late 2014 and completed in 2019 or 2020. The timeline for this project is further stated in the Gantt chart attached. The Gantt chart explains all the activities involved in this project and the estimated time it will take to complete the entire project. Activities to be undertaken in the Project It is at the implementation phase of a project that a lot of attention and concentration is needed. This project is expected to begin officially in 2014. This means that the duration between now and its commencement date will involve a series of planning, and other a pproval activities that will be carried out by various stakeholders. This will need to start by development of a prototype (Field and Keller 1998, p. 89). The prototype will need to be tested to determine its effectiveness and the ability to meet the required standards. The engineers involved in the project will do this. The lawyer will help them by giving advice on relevant laws and government requirements in every stage of planning and project implementation. The lawyer will tell the engineers of the consequences that the project may face when they take a given path. Monitoring and Controlling Process In order to ensure that the needed quality in this project is achieved, a team will monitor the project closely. When a given prototype has been developed, the project manager and the engineers who were responsible for developing the prototype will explain the model to the owners of the project (top officials of the Victorian State Government). These officials will need to approve th e prototype before it can be given green light for full implementation. When these officials reject the prototype, the engineers and all the responsible project members will be forced to go back to the drawing board and develop a new prototype that is acceptable to the project owners. When the prototype is accepted, then the project members will go to the next step of implementing the approved model. When monitoring the progress of the project, the quality assurance team, and Victorian State Government officials will use the prototype that was approved to determine if the project is in line with its objectives as outlined in its plan. Closure This project can be brought to a closure under three circumstances. The first circumstance under which the project can be brought to a closure is upon its completion, which is scheduled in 2020. The project can also be brought to a closure when either of the parties breaches the contract. The third reason for the closure can be when either of t he parties feels frustrated with the project. Conclusion The East West Link Project is very ambitious, and upon its completion, it will help improve the infrastructure within the City of Melbourne. However, the project will cost the Victorian State Government a lot of money to complete. The government will need to spend about eight billion US dollars to bring the project to completion. The project will take about six years, starting from 2014 until 2019 or 2020. For this project to be successful, all the project members must understand the requirements of the project at every stage. All the project members must actively participate in this project. List of References Bruce, A Langdon, K 2000, Project management, Dorling Kindersley, New York. Field, M Keller, L 1998, Project management, International Thomson Business Press, London. Haynes, M 2002, Project management: Practical tools for success, Crisp Learning, Menlo Park. Heldman, K 2011, Project management jumpstart, Wiley, Hobok en. Kerzner, H 2013, Project management: A systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling, John Wiley Sons, Hoboken. Kloppenborg, T 2009, Contemporary Project Management, South-Western, New York. Meredith, J 2012, Project management: A managerial approach, Wiley, Hoboken. Meredith, J Mantel, S 2012, Project management, Wiley, Hoboken. Nagarajan, K 2005, Project management, New Age International, New Delhi. Tonnquist, B 2009,Project management: A complete guide, Academica, Aarhus. This report on The East West link Project was written and submitted by user Punisher to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Cinema †More Than a Social Phenomenon. Film History Essay

The Cinema – More Than a Social Phenomenon. Film History Essay Free Online Research Papers The Cinema More Than a Social Phenomenon. Film History Essay Going to cinema is more than a social phenomenon; a simple technology has been able to culminate art forms culturally shaping society. The cinema experience draws upon such a wide intersection of factors it has become a complex subject of extensive and varying fascinations. Personal idiosyncrasies, preferences and appreciations form differing types of allure of the silver screen as discussed in 5 insights into cinema going. Frank O’Hara’s poem â€Å"To the Film Industry in Crisis† , is an ode to not only film, but O’Hara’s love of film. Illustriously and affectionately, O’Hara emphasises particular aspects he loves about cinema, while employing near sarcastic tones to convey a simultaneous sense of ambivalence. In the first stanza of the poem, he establishes a hierarchy of his love for other art forms, â€Å"Not you†¦nor you experimental theatre†¦nor you promenading Grand Opera, obvious as an ear (though you are close to my heart), but you, Motion Picture Industry, it’s you I love† . Interestingly, he ironically shows that despite an appreciation for the ‘high arts’ of theatre and opera, it is the cinema that he ultimately appreciates. The ironic use of the capitalised words of ‘Motion Picture Industry’ is a recognition of it as the antithesis of ‘high arts’ of opera and theatre. This follows and builds up to the second stanza, as he recollects a flurry of classic and favourite film moments and actors, almost like the canon of the cinephile. The style and flow of the poem resembles ranting as O’Hara’s memory unfolds with a flow of cinema knowledge. This is perhaps an insight into the minds of cinephiles in a sense of overcome by moments which are recalled almost as though they were personal experiences. The poem ties up with a mildly sarcastic tone in the ode to the actors â€Å"Long may you illumine space with your marvellous appearances, delays and enunciations, and may the money of the world glitteringly cover you as you rest after a long day under the klieg lights† . With this poem, we gain a sense of the overwhelming sense of pleasure derived from the culture of obsession with the cinema, actors and actresses. It is perhaps so overwhelming that any doubts about its commercialism or authenticity have been accepted, as seen thro ugh O’Hara’s sarcastic tone. Richard Hugo’s â€Å"The Real West Marginal Way† in a chapter titled the White Line, Hugo recollects childhood memories of 1930s of visiting the George Shrigley’s White Center Theatre. Hugo nostalgically describes his theatre, or â€Å"paradise†, in vivid detail where he recalls the beginnings of his fondness for the cinema. There was a white line in the cinema where he and other children were not allowed to cross as not to disturb the adults watching the film. Hugo draws an analogy to his favourite film of all time â€Å"Man On A Tightrope† directed by Elia Kazan, which tells the simple story of a circus led by Cernik to escape their government and cross the border. The border and white line serve as a parallel metaphor as the division between the â€Å"world of imagination† from the â€Å"world of serious organisational adult responsibility† . He applies Cernik’s journey to that of his own circumstance, â€Å"For poets the film should be special. Like Cernik, poets cross that border, often at some risk, to reach the land where usual moral judgements are suspended†. The suspension of judgement is an important freedom on Hugo’s side of the white line where the children are ignored by an overpowering loudspeaker and simply allowed to the freedom to talk. Hugo’s love for this film becomes apparent in his own idiosyncrasies. He describes how people’s reaction to â€Å"Man on A Tightrope† become a factor in his judgement of people’s characters, â€Å"If you don’t like it, chances are I wouldn’t like you† . This makes the suggestion that art, or in this case cinema, is inextricably linked to character and individuals. For one who loves and knows â€Å"Man on A Tightrope†, Hugo describes the strange feeling of still being mystified by how the film unravels despite knowing and being able to recall entire scenes. The strongest and most lasting impression of Hugo’s article is the realisation of how he longs for the feeling of being completely submerged in a film that he once felt as a child behind the white line. It is a feeling he can only appreciate in retrospect as he deals with the growing responsibility of age. In the introduction of Jean-Claude Carriere’s â€Å"The Secret Language of Film† , translated by Jeremy Leggatt, Carriere draws an analogy between modern cinema going and that of the first uses of the technology in Africa by the French colonial administrators. In the early 1920s, film shows were held the purpose of was not only to entertain, but also to â€Å"demonstrate to and subject African populations the unassailable supremacy of the white nations† . Invited to these shows were African notables and religious leaders, who, in despite of their religious beliefs which forbade them to depict the human face and form, attended entire shows with their eyes shut. Carriere draws his crucial parallel, â€Å"Sometimes I think we ourselves are not very different from those African Muslims when we go to see a film†¦Unlike them, we keep our eyes open in the dark, or we think we do† . Carriere is referring to our own set of habits and behaviours which ‘blinds’ us from being fully aware of what we are exposed to. â€Å"We refuse to see, or else we see something else. There is in every film a region of shadow, a stockpile of the not seen.† It is our habitual reception of film that contorts our reception, or perhaps even composition, of films. What is interesting about this is that, unlike other art forms, we are forced to see the same images at the same speed; â€Å"We are travelling on the same train† , so to speak. There is an element that forms appreciation of film in such a wide range of aspects despite being part of the audience entity . Due to the nature of cinema, we have a certain freedom to receive only the aspects of a film that we want, however it is this freedom that allows us to blind ourselves. The Rustle of Language by Roland Barthes , translated by Richard Howard, is an insightful article into the behavioural patterns of the act of ‘cinema going’. Barthes likens the â€Å"cinema situation† to a process of a hypnotic state, as he describes why being at the cinema is by its own character, special. He describes this due to our fascination with cinema in two distinct ways. We experience this hypnotic states through both a narcissistic body, which â€Å"gazes, lost† at the cinema images, and a â€Å"perverse body† , which fascinates itself with the act of going, sitting in, and leaving the cinema. Barthes primarily concerns himself with the latter. Barthes suggests that the conditions of hypnosis, â€Å"vacancy, want of occupation, lethargy† resemble that of the reasons we often go to the cinema â€Å"idleness, leisure, free time†. The cinema situation is â€Å"pre-hypnotic† . The darkness of the cinema acts as a â€Å"twilight reverie† , in which we explore our body’s anonymous freedom in an â€Å"urban dark†. Our state of hypnosis continues as we resonate with the ‘vibrations’ of the projector light’s ‘dancing cone’, which exists both ‘motionless and dancing’. However, the most interesting feature of Barthe’s analogy is his fascination with leaving the cinema. The pleasures of the perverse body as distanced with that of the narcissistic body is what most draws Barthes to the cinema. This â€Å"bliss of discretion† he describes can be interpreted as the surreal feeling of leaving the cinema as if being woken up, due to th e change in physical, environmental and emotional changes. Barthe’s concept ‘blissful discretion’ as we re-enter our own lives, often leaves us wanting for more. In â€Å"The Manchurian Candidate† by Greil Marcus , a book dedicated to the analysis of the 1962 film â€Å"The Manchurian Candidate† directed by John Frankenheimer, it explores how the film is immersed in American culture. Marcus delves into the intricacies of the film with an obvious passion, as he anecdotally and nostalgically gives his impressions of his first viewings of the film. This notion of first impression, or rather an impression sufficing the statement â€Å"Greatest movie I ever saw†, for Marcus, is an â€Å"overwhelming† sensation in which â€Å"The momentum of the film† will leave you ignorant of its flaws until viewed in retrospect. The difference between â€Å"Then and now†, particularly because his analytical inquisition into the film, becomes apparent in his opening description of â€Å"this 1962 black and white film made up of†¦HitchcockWellesBody Snatchers† , quite contrary to the â€Å"gift of art† felt during his first impressions. Seeing the film for the second time with his friend, Marcus anecdotally describes the immediate but brief discussion of their impressions of the film â€Å" ‘Greatest Movie I ever saw’ he said flatly, as if he didn’t want to talk about it, and he didn’t. He said what he said stunned with bitterness, as if he shouldn’t have had to see this thing, †¦as if the whole experience had been, somehow, a gift, the gift of art, and also unfair† . This sense of unfairness upon being presented with â€Å"the gift of art†, and just quickly taken away, is a familiar emotion in movie going which Marcus suggests is more than withdrawal symptom. The complex and conflicting feelings of â€Å"stunned with bitterness†, â€Å"both true and false† is a reflection into the meanings of art. As described earlier this first impression is an overwhelming sense of flawlessness, which is an interpretation as to the meaning of art; a certain flawlessness due to its truth to its own existence. This therefore allows for the coexistence of conflict. Perhaps this unfairness derives from the sense that our lives are filled with conflict although hardly resembling the flawlessness of art. The piece is written criticising the film in light of retrospect as seen in the first paragraph. This unfairness, perhaps is the idea that the first impression, or impressions, allows us to view and appreciate films in a way which cannot be recreated upon subsequent cinema experiences. The fascination with film going is often extended far beyond the moving pictures shown in a dark room. It can also be the dark room. It can be the void we feel when we are removed from our state of fascination. Our cinema habits, possibly depending on how, and how much we love cinema, can overflow into our lives. In its own sense, it is an experience almost as wholly as being, which is why it the feeling still astounds us. Research Papers on The Cinema - More Than a Social Phenomenon. Film History EssayWhere Wild and West MeetThe Hockey GameHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThe Spring and AutumnHip-Hop is ArtThree Concepts of PsychodynamicDefinition of Export Quotas